General Science

Inventions & Discoveries

INVENTION	YEAR	INVENTOR	COUNTRY
Artificial Heart	1957	Willem Kolff	Netherlands
Atomic Bomb	1945	J. Robert Oppenheimer	USA
Atomic Theory	1803	Dalton	Britain
Automatic Riffle	1918	John Browning	USA
Ball Point Pen	1888	John J. Loud	USA
Barometer	1644	Evangelista Torricelli	Italy
Bicycle	1839-40	Kirkpatrick Macmillian	Britain
Bifocal Lens	1780	Benajamin Franklin	USA
Bunsen Burner	1855	R Willhelm Von Bunsen	Germany
Calculus	1670	Newton	Britain
Cloning, DNA	1973	Boyer, Cohen	USA
Diesel Engine	1895	Rudolf Diesel	Germany
Dynamo	1832	Hypolite Pixii	France
Electron	1897	Thomas J.	Britain
Fountain Pen	1884	Lewis E. Waterman	USA
Galvanometer	1834	Andre-Marie Ampere	France
Gramophone	1878	Thomas Alva Edison	USA
Hydrogen Bomb	1952	Edward Teller	USA
Intelligence Testing	1905	Simon Binet	France
Laser	1960	Theodore Maiman	USA
Lift (Mechanical)	1852	Elisha G Otis	USA
Lighting Conductor	1752	Benjamin Franklin	USA
Logarithms	1614	Napier	Britain
Microphone	1876	Alexander Graham Bell	USA
Movie Projector	1893	Thomas Edison	USA
Pacemaker	1952	Zoll	USA
Pasteurization	1867	Louis Pasteur	France
Periodic table	1869	Mendeleyev	Russia
Pistol, Revolver	1836	Colt	USA
Printing Press	1455	Johann Gutenberg	Germany
Proton	1919	Rutherford	New Zealand
Quantum Theory	1900	Plank	Germany
Radar	1922	AH Taylor & Leo C Young	USA
Radiocarbon Dating	1947	Libby	USA
Relativity Theory	1905	Einstein	Germany
Stethoscope	1819	Laennec	France
Telegraph Code	1837	Samuel FB Morse	USA
Telescope	1608	Hans Lippershey	Netherlands
Television (Mechanical)	1926	John Logie Baird	Britain
Transformer	1831	Michael Faraday	Britain
Transistor	1948	Bardeen, Shockley & Brattain	USA
Wireless (Telegraphy)	1896	G Marconi	Italy
X-Ray	1895	WK Roentgen	Germany

Milestones in Medicine

DISCOVERY / INVENTION	YEAR	DISCOVERER / INVENTOR	COUNTRY
Aspirin	1889	Dreser	Germany
Ayurveda	2000-1000 BC	--	India
Bacteria	1683	Leeuwenhock	Netherlands
Biochemistry	1648	Jan Baptista Van Helmont	Belgium
Blood Plasma storage (Blood Bank)	1940	Drew	USA
Blood Transfusion	1625	Jean-Baptista Denys	France
Chemotherapy	1493-1541	Paracelsus	Switzerland
Circulation of Blood	1628	William Harvey	Britain
Heart Transplant Surgery	1967	Christian Barnard	South Africa
Penicillin	1928	Alexander Fleming	Britain
Rabies Vaccine	1860	Louis Pasteur	France
Rh-Factor	1940	Karl Landsteiner	USA
Vaccination	1796	Edward Jenner	Britain
Vaccine, Polio	1954	Jonas Salk	USA
Vaccine, Polio-oral	1960	Albert Sabin	USA
Vaccine, Rabies	1885	Louis Pasteur	France
Yoga	200-100 BC	Patanjali	India

Unit of Measurement

QUANTITY	UNIT (SI)	QUANTITY	UNIT (SI)
Length	Meter
Time	Second
Mass	Kilogram	Heat	Joule
Area	Square Meter	Temperature	Kelvin
Volume	Cubic Meter	Absolute Temperature	Kelvin
Velocity	Meter/Second	Resistance	Ohm
Acceleration	Meter/Second Square	Electric Current	Ampere
Density	Kilogram Meter/Cube	Electromotive Force	Volt
Momentum	Kilogram Meter/Second
Work	Joule	Electric Energy	Kilo Watt Hour
Energy	Joule	Electric Power	Kilo Watt or Watt
Force	Newton
Pressure	Pascal or Newton/Sq Meter	Charge	Coulombo
Frequency	Hertz
Power	Watt	Luminous Flux	Candela
Weight	Newton or Kilogram	Intensity of Sound	Decibel
Impulse	Newton-Second	Power of lens Depth of sea	Dioptre Fathom

Important Scientific Instruments

INSTRUMENT	USES
Altimeter	It measures altitudes and is used in aircrafts
Ammeter	It measures strength of electric current (in amperes)
Anemometer	It measures force and velocity of wind
Audiometer	It measures intensity of sound
Audio phone	It is used for improving imperfect sense of hearing
Barometer	It measures atmospheric pressure
Binocular	It is used to view distant objects
Dynamo	It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
Fathometer	It measures the depth of the ocean
Hydrometer	It measures the specific gravity of liquids
Hygrometer	It measure humidity in air
Lactometer	It determines the purity of milk
Microphone	It converts the sound waves into electrical vibrations and to magnify the sound
Microscope	It is used to obtain magnifies view of small objects
Periscope	It is used of view objects above sea level (used in sub-marines)
Pyrometer	It measures very high temperature
Radar	It is used to detecting the direction and range of an approaching plane by means of radio microwaves.
Seismograph	It measures the intensity of earthquakes shocks
Stethoscope	An instrument which is used by the doctors to hear and analyses heart and lungs sounds
Telescope	It views distant objects in space
Thermometer	It is used for the measurement of temperatures
Voltmeter	It measures the electric potential difference between two points

Different Branches of Science

BRANCH	CONCERNING FIELDS
Aeronautics	Sciences of Flights
Astronomy	Study of heavenly bodies
Apiculture	Honey Industry (Bee Keeping)
Biochemistry	Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities.
Biotechnology	Deals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as Drugs, Vaccines, Hormones, Etc. on a large scale
Cardiology	Study of Heart
Dermatology	Study of Skin
Ecology	Study of relationship between Organisms & Environment
Entomology	Study of Insects
Eugenics	Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations
Floriculture	Study of Flowers yielding plants
Geology	Study of condition and structure of the earth
Genetics	Study of heredity and variations
Gerontology	Study of growing old
Gynecology	Study of female reproductive organ
Horticulture	Study of garden cultivation
Iconography	Teaching by pictures & models
Immunology	Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection
Jurisprudence	Science of Law
Lexicography	Compiling of dictionary
Neurology	Study of nervous system
Numismatics	Study of coins and medals
Obstetrics	Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy
Ophthalmology	Study of eyes
Ornithology	Study of birds
Paleontology	Study of fossils
Philately	Stamp Collecting
Phonetics	Concerning the sounds of a spoken language
Pathology	Study of disease causing organisms
Physiology	Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms
Pisciculture	Study of fish
Pomology	Study of fruits
Seismology	Study of earthquakes
Sericulture	Silk Industry (Culture of silk moth & pupa)
Telepathy	Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings.

Some Important Facts of Human Body

Number of cells in body	75 Trillions
Longest Bone	Femur (Thigh Bone)
Smallest Bone	Ear ossicle, stapes
Blood Volume	6.8 liters (in70 kg body)
Normal BP	120/80 mm Hg
Life Span of RBC	120 days
Life span of WBC	3-4 days
Universal blood donor	O Rh-ve
Universal blood recipient	AB
Average body weight	70 kg
Normal body temperature	98.4* F or 37*C
Dental formula	Adult: 2123/2123=32 Child:2120/2120=22 milk teeth
Gestation	9 months (253-266 days)
Largest Gland	Liver
Largest muscle in the body	Gluteus Maximus (Buttock Muscles)
Longest Cell	Neuron  (nerve cell)
Menstrual Cycle	28 days
Minimum distance for proper vision	25 cm
pH of urine	6.0

NUTUTION

The components:  Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, water and Roughage.

Carbohydrates:

·         Constitutes 3 elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

·         Main source of energy providers

·         1 gm., gives 17kg of energy (or 4.1 Kcal of energy)

Fats:

·         Provides twice the energy of carbohydrates (1gm provides 37 KJ of energy)

·         An enzyme called Lipase digests fats. It breaks down into fatty acids and glycerol

·         Daily requirement: 50 gms

Proteins:

·         Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

·         Important for growth and repair of the body

·         Made up of Amino acids

·         Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are the disease which occur due to deficiency of protein

The salve of Ca required by our body is Ca3 (PO4)2

Vitamin:

·         Necessary for normal growth, good health, good vision, proper digestion of the body etc. They do not provide energy to our body.

·         Vitamins can be divided into 2 categories:

a.       Water-soluble: Vitamin B-complex, Vitamin C

b.      Fat-soluble: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K

VITAMIN	CHEMICAL NAME	PROPERTY	DEFICIENCY DISEASE
A	Retinol	General health giving vitamin, can be stored in liver	Night Blindness
B1	Thiamine	For growth, carbohydrates metabolism, functioning of heart	Beriberi
B2	Riboflavin	For keeping skin and mouth healthy	Cheilosis
C	Ascorbic Acid	For keeping teeth, gums and joints healthy. Gets destroyed on heating	Scurvy
D	Calciferol	For normal bones and teeth, can be stored in liver	Rickets
E	Tocopherol	For normal reproduction, removes scars and wrinkles	Sterility
K	Phylloquinone	For normal clotting of blood	Hemophilia

Water:

·         Important in digestion, transportation excretion and to regulate body temperature (body contains 65% water)

Roughage:

·         Fibrous material present in the cell wall of plants

·         Mainly contains cellulose

·         It doesn’t provide energy but only helps in retaining water in the body